Tabaristan was conquered during Al-Mansour (158-137 AH) after one and a half centuries of resistance to the Arabs. From then on Tabaristan was managed by Abbasid governors. Our knowledge of the governors of the province is primarily based on historical sources and Arab-Tabaristan coins. Despite the information that is available from Abbasid governors in various sources, determining the precise timing of each and every one of them due to the inconsistency of written texts with numismatic evidences is a challenge for the researchers. The purpose of this research is to answer this question that what are the reasons of the difference between the information extracted from the sources and from the Abbasid coins in Tarbristan? To answer this question, a descriptive-analytical approach has been used. The results of the studies indicate that the political and social turmoil during this period, due to the dissatisfaction of the local people and Ispahbads in the region, as well as the administrative hierarchy of the Abbasids, led to the permanent dismissal and appointment of governors by the Abbasid Caliphs, which could be a reason for incomplete or sometimes mistaken reporting in historical texts. Therefore, coins can be considered as the most important resources and means for establishing the chronology of the rule of Abbasid governors. As the result of present study, in addition to finding an answer to the reasons for the heterogeneity in the chronology of the government of governors, a new and accurate list of the governors in Tabaristan is presented.

The current paper which is the outcome of the sociological study on Rumi' s Masnavi (Couplet), deals with one aspect of the study, that is political sociology, and demonstrates a lot of mentalities related to government and governor, along with other subjects indicated in this work of art, despite evading the truth.Rumi has indicated a number of the political social subject matters of its time, but in terms of more general matters, he has told a lot and has revealed his own special viewpoints accordingly. Since he provides his ideas through dual interactions, he points to two kinds of governors who interact from policy making and supremacy point of view. Thus, at the heart of his theory there are two rulers, the first one Pharaoh as a symbol of dictatorship and the second one Solomon as a symbol of justice.There are a few examples presented in various parts of the paper over the autocracy and cruelty of kings as well as the cruelty of their agents on their people.Then, some examples are given on the treason of courtiers against one another, showing that though there is treachery with different motifs, there will be a disaster if king is impressed by word of others; otherwise, treachery is not effective. In addition, there is a brief discussion on the goodness and badness of prime ministers who are the most powerful people after the king, and in the end, some signs of utopian king has been referred to in Masnavi.

Mowlana Jaluluddin Rumi's mystical character (604-672 A. H) has penetrated so deeply into the hearts and minds of his keen readers and admirers that there is actually no place left for the survey of other aspects in his work which are truly as much comprehensive. The truth is, Massnavi (Rumi’s great poetry book) has the potential to be analyzed from religious, scholarly, philosophical, political and even social perspectives; to mention a few of such a high diverse domain. Government, as a political-religious affair, has been among the topics of interest in Massnavi. Rumi has expressed his views about different kinds of reigns, the legitimacy of reigns, and the characteristics and features of governors and administrators; while he has pointed to the illegitimate reigns, or Pharaoh-like reigns in other words, on one hand and the legitimate or in other words Solomon-like reigns on the other hand. In this article, I intend to pave the way for a better access to Rumi’s opinions about governing through collecting and compiling his perspectives; finally depicting Mowlana’s intellectual basis and the features of a desired and appropriate government.

Establishing, continuing and strengthening the Islamic government is one of the most important duties and goals of the prophets, imams and divine saints. There is no doubt that the Islamic government will not be realized and will not be successful unless there are agents and managers who are equal to religious standards and Islamic teachings. What is important in between are the conditions and characteristics that brokers must have This research is in response to the question, what are the most important characteristics of agents in Islamic teachings? The author is of the opinion with library research and documents, this situation can be analyzed in two areas. First, in the positive dimension, we can mention special piety, scientific ability, courage in action and insight. Then, in the negative aspect, one should also consider not having a bad background, lack of aristocracy and lack of religious tolerance. In this research, each of these components has been analyzed and explained in an analytical-descriptive way.

The major issue of this writing would be the investigation of the Shiites’ strategy under the guidance of Imam Kazem (PBUH) (148- 183 after hijrah) on the basis of the systematic framework and the logical coherence of Shahid Sadr through the compound method of text and background. In the most difficult political conditions, Imam Kazem (PBUH) took the battle strategy and preserved the Shiite community through the foundation of cultural- scientific, relational-formational, economical bases, along with policy making base of Shiism towards the system of Abbasid caliphate. In this regard, he took advantage of the political elements of concealment, tactical penetration, relational messages, coherence and organization, resistance, patience as well a educating and training of efficient powers and consequently a successful strategy was achieved.

Problem-based learning (PBL) is a pedagogical approach to enhance students' knowledge and skills. Learners face real-world problems and tasks in this approach, necessitating critical thinking, problem-solving, collaboration, and creativity. The significance of PBL lies in its ability to enhance practical skills, bridge the gap between theoretical knowledge and practical applications, promote collaboration and interpersonal interactions, and stimulate creativity in addressing complex issues and developing innovative solutions. Given the importance of this approach and the objectives of governance schools in developed countries to elevate the skills of students and governors in bridging the gap between theoretical knowledge and practical experience, this study employs a comparative case study strategy to examine governance schools globally. Based on this analysis, the methods employed by these schools in integrating PBL principles to strengthen public governors' cognitive (conceptual), interpersonal, and technical skills to address public issues are outlined.

The government of Imam Ali as a lasting example of desirable economic system in the Islamic history will provide appropriate approaches for today’ s economic mangers. Economic security as one of the main objectives of the economic system of Islam is also considered as one of the main functions of governments, and it’ s most important indicator is reducing corruption via using qualified and faithful governors. The main question that this paper tries to answer it is to what extent the governors of Imam Ali played a role in economic security of the government? The findings are based on descriptive-analytical method and relies on statistical data, and, in contrary to the popular opinion, shows that most of governors of that Imam, with varying degrees of loyalty to the ideals of the Imam, played their roles in the economic security, and only thirteen percent of them betrayed and were punished accordingly.

Kurdistan as one of the Old Iranian states was the residing center of a branch of Iranian tribes; these people as Kurds called this state Kurdistan and contributed to the evolution of the history of Iran. Kurdistan gradually witnessed the establishment of a local-native dynasty called Bani Ardalan. Coinciding with Safavid rule and their climax during king Abbas the first era the Ardalan dynasty, became one of the four powerful authorized governances of Safavid era. They maintained their power from the beginning of Qajar government until the Nasery era. The attempt is made here to analyze the internal establishments and the political infrastructure formation of this local-native power, through a study of Ardalan’s Kurdistan and Bani Ardalan clan internal-native sources. In addition to study the political, financial and administrative, organizations, divisions and functions of this governance and their internal power structure in connection with Qajar central government.

"Rozat al-anwArabbasi" is one of the most outstanding ethical works that has been written about practical wisdom and in continuing the custom of Persian policy writing in Shah Abbas II period. Owner of this work is "Mulla Mohammad Bagher Sabzawari", Imam Jomeh and the great Sheikh al-Islam in Safavid period, who compiled his work in continuing historical series of created works in the field of practical philosophy. "Urban policy" as a part of practical philosophy and of course in conformity with Islamic law constitutes the main part of Rozat al-anwar. The main purpose of the present study is an introduction to Rozat al-anwar Abbasi as the most important book given some advices to kings in Safavid period and explaining the ethical position of "governor" as the most significant character in this valuable work. As governor and ethical government can be considered as one of the main themes of Persian didactic literature in each period, considering the particular position of governor and government in this valuable didactic work and its comparative investigation with some opinions of KhajeNizam al-mulkTousi and FArabi is important. The purpose of this study is the explanation of real position of Rozat al-anwArabbasi in the custom of writing ethical works in Iran.

After coming to power, the Qajars in pursuit of security and continuity of government sought to suppress and dismantle local powers and their possible rivals. The governors organized military forces using natural, geographic, mountainous, and strategic conditions. Thus, Qajars recognized them as legitimate governors. The Qajars utilized the power of the governors to suppress the rebellion of Khuzestan, Lorestan, and Kermanshah regions, and to prevent the Ottoman boundary interferences. Hossein-Quli Khan was a governor who received Nasser-al-Din Shah’ s support including titles and continuity of his post. After the death of Qulam-Reza Khan, Mozafar al-Din Shah continued this support for his son. Although the son was not capable like his father, he managed to secure the governorship. However, with the fall of Qajars and the rise of the Pahlavi Dynasty, he fled to Iraq and eventually the governorship collapsed. The present study sought to investigate how the relationship between the central power structure and Poshtkuh governors was, and how the equilibrium of power was established between the central government of Qajar and the said governors. The research hypothesis is that the Qajar government has supported the governors in the pursuit of internal and border stability, and the governors have been loyal to the Qajars.